Search PPTs

Monday, December 26, 2011

PowerPoint Presentation On Heart Attack

PPT On Heart Attack

Download

Description:
1. Let's say it's 6.15pm and you're driving home (alone of course) after an unusually hard day on the job.
You're really tired, and frustrated……

2. YOU ARE REALLY STRESSED AND UPSET ….
Suddenly you start experiencing severe pain in your chest that starts to radiate out into your arm and up into your jaw.
You are only five miles from the hospital nearest your home.
Unfortunately you don't know if you'll be able to make it that far

3. WHAT TO DO ???
YOU HAVE BEEN TRAINED IN CPR, BUT THE GUY THAT CONDUCTED THE COURSE DID NOT TELL YOU HOW TO PERFORM IT ON YOURSELF !!!

4. HOW TO SURVIVE A HEART ATTACK WHEN ALONE?
SINCE MANY PEOPLE ARE ALONE WHEN THEY SUFFER A HEART ATTACK, WITHOUT HELP, THE PERSON WHOSE HEART IS BEATING IMPROPERLY AND WHO BEGINS TO FEEL FAINT, HAS ONLY ABOUT 10 SECONDS LEFT BEFORE LOSING CONSCIOUS

5. ANSWER:
DO NOT PANIC, BUT START COUGHING REPEATEDLY AND VERY VIGOROUSLY.
A DEEP BREATH SHOULD BE TAKEN BEFORE EACH COUGH, THE COUGH MUST BE DEEP AND PROLONGED, AS WHEN PRODUCING SPUTUM FROM DEEP INSIDE THE CHEST.
A BREATH AND A COUGH MUST BE REPEATED ABOUT EVERY TWO SECONDS WITHOUT LET-UP UNTIL HELP ARRIVES, OR UNTIL THE HEART IS FELT TO BE BEATING NORMALLY AGAIN.

6. DEEP BREATHS GET OXYGEN INTO THE LUNGS AND COUGHING MOVEMENTS SQUEEZE THE HEART AND KEEP THE BLOOD CIRCULATING. THE SQUEEZING PRESSURE ON THE HEART ALSO HELPS IT REGAIN NORMAL RHYTHM. IN THIS WAY, HEART ATTACK VICTIMS CAN GET TO A HOSPITAL

7. TELL AS MANY OTHER PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE ABOUT THIS.
IT COULD SAVE THEIR LIVES !!! DON'T EVER THINK THAT YOU ARE NOT PRONE TO HEART ATTACK AS YOUR AGE IS LESS THAN 25 OR 30. NOWADAYS DUE TO THE CHANGE IN THE
LIFE STYLE, HEART ATTACK IS FOUND AMONG PEOPLE OF ALL AGE GROUPS.
BE A FRIEND AND PLEASE SEND THIS ARTICLE TO AS MANY FRIENDS AS POSSIBLE

Saturday, December 24, 2011

PowerPoint Presentation On NANOBOTS

PPT On NANOBOTS

Download

Description:
1. NANOBOTS-The Future Doctor
PRESENTED BY:
N.RAGA SWAROOPA
II YEAR EEE

2. Nano:
A prefix that means very, very, small.
The word nano is from the Greek word ‘Nano’ meaning Dwarf. It is a prefix used to describe "one billionth" of something, or 0.000000001.

3. Nano science
A part of science that studies small stuff.
It’s not biology, physics or chemistry. It’s all sciences that work with the very small.

4. Nanotechnology
The art and science of making useful stuff that does stuff on the nanometer length scale.

5. NANOROBOTS
The tiniest of computers need to have the smallest of processors in order to make light and small computers more accessible.
This will require smaller and smaller wiring capabilities. The smallest of wiring materials is engineered by the nanotechnology.
The 1980s and early 1990s saw a significant increase in the popularity of nanotechnology. This is the science that can figure out how to power our lives with nothing more than molecules and atoms.

6. HOW ARE NANOROBOTS MADE?
The ultimate goal and essential definition of a nanorobot is to have the microscopic entity made entirely out of electromechanical components.
Humans are able to perform one nano-function at a time , but the thousands of varied applications required to construct an autonomous robot would be exceedingly tedious for us to execute by hand, no matter how high-tech the laboratory.
The ideal nanobot consists of a transporting mechanism , an internal processor and a fuel unit of some kind that enables it to function.

7. The main difficulty arises around this fuel unit. One possible solution is to adhere a fine film of radioactive particles to the nanobot’s body. As the particles decay and release energy the nanobot would be able to harness this power source.
The other problem is with the construction of a nanorobot. Metal that might be used for the robot’s construction behaves one way in relatively large quantities and a completely different way on the nano scale.
Microscopic silicon components called transducers have so far been successfully built into nanorobot legs.

8. Scientists are hard at work on designing a body built out of transducers; they are encountering slight problems in agreeing on what the final shape of the standard nanobot should be.
Very few researchers support the humanoid design.
They hope that by equipping the nanobot with several sets of fast-moving legs and keeping its body low to the ground , they can create a quick, efficient machine that would also be suitably shaped for introduction into human blood vessels to perform functions such as clearing away built-up cholesterol or repairing tissue damage.

9. A robot this small can actually interact with materials on their molecular and atomic level.
They could rebuild tissue molecules in order to close a wound, or rebuild the walls of veins and arteries to stop bleeding and save lives. They could make their way through the bloodstream to the heart and perform heart surgery molecule by molecule without many of the risks.
Likewise, researchers hope that nanorobots will have many miraculous effects on brain research, cancer research, and finding cures for difficult diseases.

10. REPAIRING OF DAMAGED TISSUES BY NANOBOTS:
The medical science wants to create nanobots that can repair damaged tissue without pain and trauma. Many of the medical procedures we employ today are very traumatic to the human body and do not work in harmony with our natural systems.
Nanorobots are so small that they actually interact on the same level as bacteria and viruses do, and so they are capable of building with the very particles of our bodies: atoms and molecules.

11. Patients may be allergic to anesthetics, during an organ transplant their body may mysteriously reject the new organ , leading to death.
And in the case of a tumor operation, even a few microscopic missed cells can constitute complete failure to battle the cancer. The drug which is supposed to cure you may actually leave many parts of your body in worse shape than they were before.
Nanorobots, on the other hand, will typically measure only about six atoms wide. It is anticipated that they could be equipped with all sorts of tools and cameras in order to furnish more extensive information about the human body.

12. Nanorobots could be used to clear built-up cholesterol from your arteries, thereby saving you from a heart attack. When it comes to major unsolved diseases like cancer, nanorobots are perfect for eradicating malignant cells.
Scientists are already hard at work on nanobots that can identify and destroy cancer at its growth site so that no trauma is inflicted anywhere else in the body.
They could also perform delicate surgical functions such as closing a split vein. Regardless of the individual details, it seems clear that the advent of the nanobot is destined to change the face of medicine forever.

13. WHAT NANOBOTS ARE MADE OF?:
Traditionally, most robots have a solar cell or some kind of battery pack, but obviously these are many times too large for nanorobot. However, the answer may lie in nuclear technology.
Researchers consider it highly likely that when equipped with a thin film of radioactive material, nanobots will be able to fuel themselves on particles released by decaying atoms. This fuel technology is easily scaled down to nano-size.
Silicon has always been the first choice for delicate electronics and has the right qualities to make a successful scaled-down robot, even one as tiny as a few hundred nanometers. It is strong enough to last and conduct electricity.

14. However, constructing nanobots out of silicon would subject them to the same issues that other silicon electronics face , one of which is that they are not biodegradable. They would still be another small drain on our natural resources.
U.C. Berkeley affiliate Kris Pister invented a solar-powered robot that measures only 8.5 millimeters and can walk slowly on two “legs” like humans do.
Pister composed his robot primarily of tiny silicon pieces called transducers which are capable of taking the energy generated by the robot’s solar cell and turning it into mechanical power.

15. Prototypes have been built using biological components, but the ultimate goal is to achieve a purely electromechanical model.
In the middle stage of our nanobot development we will probably see high-production nano-factories emerge, which can then in turn produce an ultimate nanorobot: a fully mechanical, voice-programmed microscopic machine capable of performing a wide array of useful functions.
Scientists consider this the end goal in all nano technological research, and expect that it will take several stages to get there. So, in other words, fans of the ideal nanorobot may have to wait. But eventually we will have this ultimate technology and all of its amazing capabilities at our disposal.

16. APPLICATIONS OF NANOROBOTS:
1.BLUE BRAIN :
The name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine that can function as human brain. The IBM is now developing a virtual brain known as the BLUE BRAIN.
A machine that can function as brain .
It can take decision.
It can respond.
It can keep things in memory.
Nanobots could carefully scan the structure of our brain , providing a complete readout of the connection. The neocortex is the largest and most complex part of the human brain, and constitutes about 85 percent of the brain's total mass.

17. The neocortex is thought to be responsible for the cognitive functions of language, learning, memory and complex thought.
The simulated neurons will be interconnected with rules the team has worked out about how the brain functions. This result would develop a simulated model known as “Blue brain”
The main aim of blue brain is to build an software replica or template which could reveal many existing aspects of the brain circuits, memory capacity, and how memories are lost.
The Blue Brain simulation uses one microprocessor for each of the 10,000 neurons in the cortical column of a rat's cerebral cortex. It helps to build a brain microcircuit, in order to scale it in human brain.

18. 2. BLOODSTREAM :
Scientists at Micro/Nano physics Research Laboratory at Australia’s Monash University have developed tiny nanobot micro motors that are a mere quarter of a millimeter, powered by tiny piezoelectric motors, capable of swimming in the human bloodstream. While the team is still devising ways to remote control the new robots. They feel that they have a solid solution for an autonomous motor design in the form of piezoelectric. In the human body, the flow of blood provides abundant kinetic energy.

19. While a nanobot is too small to likely have a useful battery,it could exploit this kinetic energy to power tiny micro motors, the goal of the Australian researchers.

20. Conclusion
Nanobots will be the next generation of nano machines.
Advanced nanobots will be able to sense and adapt to environmental stimuli such as heat, light, sounds,surface textures, and chemicals; perform complex calculations; move, communicate, and work together; conduct molecular assembly; and, to some extent, repair or even replicate themselves.
The field of nanotechnology and holotechnology  will overlap in the design of projection screens and user interfaces of the next generations of the holographic cellphones,and televisions.
More virtual Reality.

Friday, December 23, 2011

PowerPoint Presentation On Green Revolution

PPT On The Green Revolution

Download

Description:
1. The Green Revolution.

2. Why? When?
The green revolution applies to many third world countries, but the most successful experiment was the one in India.

Here the Bengal Famine, (the world's worst recorded food disaster) happened in 1943. An estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India.

It was therefore natural that food security was a paramount item on free India's agenda. This awareness led to the Green Revolution in India. However, the term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful.

Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution.

3. What was the Green Revolution in India?

There were three basic elements in the method of the Green Revolution:

1) Continued expansion of farming areas.

2) Double-cropping existing farmland.

3) Using seeds with improved genetics.

4. Continued expansion of farming areas.
The area of land under cultivation was being increased right from 1947, but this was not enough in meeting with the rising demand.

Other methods were required to increase resources. Yet, the expansion of cultivable land also had to continue.

So, the Green revolution continued with this quantitative expansion of farmlands, even though it was not the most striking feature of the revolution.

5. Double-cropping existing farmland
Double-cropping was a primary feature of the Green Revolution.
Instead of one crop season per year, the decision was made to have two crop seasons per year. The one-season-per-year practice was based on the fact that there is only natural monsoon per year.

So, there had to be two "monsoons" per year. One would be the natural monsoon and the other an artificial 'monsoon’.
The artificial monsoons were created by huge irrigation facilities. Dams were built to arrest large volumes of natural monsoon water which were earlier being wasted. Simple irrigation techniques were also adopted.

6. Using seeds with improved genetics
This was the scientific aspect of the Green Revolution. The Indian Council for Agricultural Research was re-organized in 1965 and then again in 1973.

It developed new strains of high yield value (HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice but also millet and corn. The most noteworthy HYV seed was the K68 variety for wheat.

The credit for developing this strain goes to Dr. M.P. Singh who is also regarded as the hero of India's Green revolution.

7. Advantages:
1) The Green Revolution resulted in a record grain output of 131 million tons in 1978-79. This established India as one of the world's biggest agricultural producers. No other country in the world which attempted the Green Revolution recorded such level of success. India also became an exporter of food grains around that time.

2) Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 per cent between 1947 and 1979 when the Green Revolution was considered to have delivered its goods.

3) The crop area under HYV varieties grew from seven per cent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area during the 10 years of the Green Revolution. More than 70 per cent of the wheat crop area, 35 per cent of the rice crop area and 20 per cent of the millet and corn crop area, used the HYV seeds.

4) Crop areas under high-yield varieties needed more water, more fertilizer, more pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals. This spurred the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Such industrial growth created new jobs and contributed to the country's GDP.

5) The increase in irrigation created need for new dams to harness monsoon water. The water stored was used to create hydro-electric power. This in turn boosted industrial growth, created jobs and improved the quality of life of the people in villages.

6) India paid back all loans it had taken from the World Bank and its affiliates for the purpose of the Green Revolution. This improved India's creditworthiness in the eyes of the lending agencies.

7) Some developed countries, especially Canada, which were facing a shortage in agricultural labour, were so impressed by the results of India's Green Revolution that they asked the Indian government to supply them with farmers experienced in the methods of the Green Revolution. Many farmers from India were thus sent to Canada where they settled. These people remitted part of their incomes to their relatives in India. This not only helped the relatives but also added to India's foreign exchange earnings.

8. Disadvantages:
1) Even today, India's agricultural output sometimes falls short of demand. The Green Revolution, howsoever impressive, has thus not succeeded in making India totally and permanently self-sufficient in food. In 1979 and 1987, India faced severe drought conditions due to poor monsoon; this raised questions about the whether the Green Revolution was really a long-term achievement. In 1998, India had to import onions, due to a lack of crops.

2) India has failed to extend the concept of high-yield value seeds to all crops or all regions. In terms of crops, it remains largely confined to food grains only, not to all kinds of agricultural produce. In regional terms, only Punjab and Haryana states showed the best results of the Green Revolution. The eastern plains of the River Ganges in West Bengal state also showed reasonably good results, but others were less impressive in other parts of India.

9. Conclusion
Nothing like the Bengal Famine can happen in India again. But even today, there are places like Kalahandi where famine-like conditions have been existing for many years and where some starvation deaths have also been reported. This is due to some reasons other than availability of food in India, but the very fact that some people are still starving in India (whatever the reason may be), brings into question whether the Green Revolution has failed in its social objectives.

So, overall I feel that the Green revolution, in this case in India, has not been 100% successful, even though it has been a resounding success in terms of agricultural production.

10. Thanks

Tuesday, December 13, 2011

PowerPoint Presentation On HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES

PPT On HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES

Download

Description:
1. ENABLING OBJECTIVES
DESCRIBE the hazards of flammable or toxic gases and vapors.
DESCRIBE the physical characteristics of common gases, solvents and fuels.
DESCRIBE shipboard locations of various explosive or toxic gases or mixtures of gases may be encountered.
DESCRIBE the sources of explosive or toxic gases in the shipboard environment.
Calculate the combined toxicity levels for combined concentrations of harmful gases

2. 7.02 HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES
 REFERENCES:
(a) 29 CFR 1910.1000, OSHA Permissible Exposure limits
(b) NWP 3-20.31, Surface Ship Survivability
OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), NAVOSH Program Manual for Forces Afloat
(c) NSTM 074 Vol. 3, Gas Free Engineering

3. WHY ARE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IMPORTANT?
You, the GFE, must be able to use and understand terms
Prevents misunderstandings between you, military personnel, and civilian personnel (think liability!)
Lends credibility to your qualifications and your program

4. IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH)
Any atmosphere that meets one or more of the following conditions
Oxygen content < 19.5 or > 22%
Flammable vapors at a concentration of 10% or > LEL
Presence of toxicants above NIOSH IDLH limits
(Found in Appendix G of 074 Vol. 3)

5. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)
The maximum permissible concentration of a toxic agent to which personnel may be exposed.
Published by OSHA
Based on a TWA for a normal 8-hour day, 40 hour, 7-day week
Expressed in parts per million (ppm)
Single toxicants only

6. CONFINED SPACE
Limited and restricted accesses
Lack of natural ventilation
May contain or produce hazardous contaminants or oxygen deficiencies or enrichment
Not intended for continuous occupancy

7. CONFINED SPACE CHARACTERISTICS
Large enough for worker to enter
Contains or can contain hazardous atmosphere produced by sludge, chemicals, sewage
Laid out so anyone who enters may be trapped or asphyxiated

8. CONFINED SPACES
Tanks
Voids
Interior machinery (boilers, condensers, oil sumps)
Non-ventilated storerooms
Ventilation & Exhaust ducts

9. Reasons for Oxygen deficiency
Eductors
Fires
Rusting (Oxidation)
Inerting
Decomposing Organic Matter
-- Sewage
-- Fermentation of grains, sugars, etc.
-- Rotting plant or marine life

10. Common Shipboard Hazards
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Halon & Freon
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Methane
Hydrogen
Ammonia

11. What Toxic Tests are required to be conducted after a class "B" fire?
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrocarbons

12. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
FROM INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
COLORLESS, ODORLESS, TASTELESS
LIGHTER THAN AIR
SUBTLE ASPHYXIANT
FLAMMABLE

13. AEROBIC:
(with oxygen) decomposition and stabilization.
ANAROBIC:
(without oxygen) decomposition.

14. FREON (R-12, R-113, R-134)
Colorless, Odorless, Heavier Than Air
NON-FLAMMABLE:
RUSSIA USES FREON FOR F/F
Frostbite
Blunt Asphyxiant, Attacks Nervous System, Dry Land Drowning

15. HALON 1301 (BromoTriFlouroMethane)
Colorless, Odorless
5 Times Heavier Than Air
Frostbite
Attacks Nervous System, Dry Land Drowning
Decomposes at High Temps: HF, HCl, HBr

16. HALON 1301
5 - 7 % for 10 min: No Health Danger
7 - 10% : Dizziness, Tingling Extremities, Mild Anesthesia
> 10 % : Very Dizzy, Nearly Unconscious, Lose Physical & Mental Dexterity

17. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless, Inert
HEAVIER THAN AIR
Blunt Asphyxiant
NON-FLAMMABLE

18. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
DARK BROWN, PUNGENT GAS
CHOKING AGENT -- Absorbed
HEAVIER THAN AIR
NON FLAMMABLE

19. Methane (CH4)
COLORLESS, ODORLESS GAS
LIGHTER THAN AIR
EXTREMELY EXPLOSIVE
AEROBIC ORGANIC DECAY
20. Ammonia (NH3)
PUNGENT ODOR
LIGHTER THAN AIR
FLAMMABLE
CHOKING AGENT

21. Hydrogen (H)
ODORLESS, COLORLESS GAS
LIGHTER THAN AIR
EXTREMELY EXPLOSIVE

22. HYDROCARBONS
C METHANE
C-C BUTANE
C-C-C-C-C PENTANE
C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C OCTANE

23. How do you know what toxicants to test for in a space?
Appendix E
How do you know what Draeger Tubes are available?
Appendix L
How do you know the PEL and IDLH limits for Toxicants?
Appendix G

24. UNITY EQUATION
“If there is more than one toxicant product in a space undergoing testing, the cumulative effects of the two or more products may be above unity, even though the PELs for any one of the products has not been exceeded.”
NSTM 074-19.11 (p74-14)

25. UNITY EQUATION
C1/T1 + C2/T2 + ... = 1
WHERE:
C is the Measured Concentrations of Toxic Substances
and
T is the Toxic Limit : PEL or TLV (whichever is lowest)

26. UNITY EQUATION
DETERMINE IF THE COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOWING GASES EXCEEDS THE ALLOWABLE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT ON A TWA.
ACTUAL PEL
Toluene 80 ppm 200 ppm
Carbon Monoxide 25 ppm 50 ppm
Xylene 40 ppm 100 ppm
(Remember, C1/T1 + C2/T2 + ... = 1)

27. UNITY EQUATION
ACTUAL PEL
Toluene 80 ppm 200 ppm
Carbon Monoxide 25 ppm 50 ppm
Xylene 40 ppm 100 ppm

28. Questions????
SUMMARY – We described the hazards of flammable or toxic gases and vapors.
We described the physical characteristics of common gases, solvents and fuels.
We described shipboard locations of various explosive or toxic gases or mixtures of gases may be encountered.
We described the sources of explosive or toxic gases in the shipboard environment.
We calculated the combined toxicity levels for combined concentrations of harmful gases

29. Thanks

Sunday, December 4, 2011

Recent Trends in Telecommunication Sector

PPT On Recent Trends in Telecommunication Sector

Download

Description:
1. “Recent Trends in Telecommunication Sector”
www.studygalaxy.com

2. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION  
Telecommunications is the transmission of data and information between computers using a communications link such as a standard telephone line.
1994 was a watershed in the history of Indian telecom sector, which ranked sixth in the world after USA, china, Japan, Germany, and France in terms of number of installed fixed lines.
That year saw the introduction of new telecom policy (ntp) of government of India that envisaged a vast change in Indian telecom scenario and reflected the government’s desire to bring Indian telecom at par with the rest of the world.
This policy change was followed up by a large number of other initiatives, including introduction of ntp 1999 that indicated continuing commitment of the government to liberalize the sector.

3. HISTORY OF THE TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA
The telegraph act of 1885 governed the telecommunications sector. Under this act, the government was in-charge of policy making and provision of services.
Major changes began in the 1980s.
Under the Seventh Plan (1985-90), 3.6 percent of total outlay was set aside for communications
And since 1991, more than more than 5.5 percent is spent on it.
The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment.

4. Growth of Telecom in India
1994 - National Telecom Policy – 1994 announced
1997 - Telecom Regulatory Authority of India was setup
March 1999 - National Telecom Policy – 99 announced
2000 - TRAI Act amended & separate tribunal proposed
Oct-2002BSNL entered in to GSM cellular operation
19th October, 2002. Made incoming call free & initiated tariff equalization process
Nov 2003 Unified Access (Basic & Cellular) Service License (USAL) introduced as a first step
Recently 3G technology was launched by BSNL in India in 2008.
India is 4th largest market in Asia after china, japan and south Korea

5. Services
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Voice mail
Internet
Facsimile (fax)
Videoconferencing
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
Dial-in Services
Short Messaging Services (SMS)
Other Services

6. Target Measure in 11th plan for Telecommunication Sector
Focus on making India a regional Telecom manufacturing hub.
FDI limit increased from 49% to 74%
100% FDI permitted under automatic route in the manufacturing sector
Deregulation virtually complete and Unified Licensing regime
Interconnection Usage Charge framework in place
Exemption from customs duty for import of Mobile Switching Centers
Comprehensive Spectrum policy and 3G policy on the anvil

7. Conclusion
Private players in the telecom industry are performing far better than the public players i.e., MTNL and BSNL
Looking at the competition trend, it seems that soon in future, rural schools will be having broadband and internet facilities as their part of studies as well as routine lives.

8. Thank You
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...

Blog Archive