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Monday, November 3, 2014

PPT ON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Presentation Transcript:

1. INTRODUCTION

Nurse Researchers have demonstrated their expertise in quantitative research & revealed it’s usefulness for clients for many years.
The traditional focus on individual & holistic nature of the person in nursing system is more consistent with Qualitative Research philosophy.

2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • Individual’s perspective is very important.
  • Involves in-depth understanding of human behavior
  • Data is collected in descriptive rather than numerical form
  • Data is analyzed by descriptive coding, indexing & narrations
  • It focuses on understanding individual’s perception of events
  • Qualitative Research is a way of thinking, seeing & conceptualizing. (Morse, 2005)
  • Qualitative Research is interested in discovery of emergent themes rather the statistical analysis of data. (Soldwisch, 2004)
  • While the Qualitative Researcher attempts to obtain rich, real, deep & valid data, the Quantitative Researcher aims for  hard, replicable & reliable data
  • Qualitative Researcher is not limited by existing theories but rather must be open to new ideas & new theories
3. MAIN FEATURES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • Concerned with the opinions, experiences & feelings of individuals producing subjective data
  • It describes social phenomenon as it occurs naturally
  • Understanding of a situation is gained gradually through a holistic perspective
  • Data is time consuming and is collected through interviews or observation.
  • Time consuming nature of data collection necessitates the use of small sample
4. DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Concepts:-
  • A concept is a word, picture or mental idea of a phenomenon.
  • A concept can be very concrete such as human heart or may be very abstract such as love
  • Concepts are building blocks of the theory
Propositions:--
  •  A proposition is a statement or assertion of the relationship between concepts.
  • Propositional statements are derived from theories or from generalizations based on empirical data.
  • A propositional statement may indicate the relationship concepts in several ways for e.g.. There is a relationship between pulse rate & respiratory rate.
5. WHAT IS A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?
  • Systematic ordering of ideas about the phenomenon being investigated or as a systematic account of the relations among a set of variables
  • Examination of discipline- based literature related to topic & identifying an overarching theory that explains the central hypothesis or propositions
6. CONCEPTUAL MODELS
  • Conceptual models are made up of concepts & propositions that states the relationship between the concepts
  • These concepts are generally very abstract and are not readily observable in the empirical world.
  • Conceptual models in nursing present broad general concepts of interest in nursing
7. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
  • A theoretical framework is based on propositional statements from one theory, whereas a conceptual framework links concepts from several theories, from previous results or from researcher’s own experience.
  • In developing a conceptual framework the researcher relates concepts in a logical manner to form propositional statements  
8. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • Phenomenologist are guided in their inquiry by framework or philosophy that focuses their analysis on certain aspects of a person’s life world. That framework is based on the premise that human experience is an inherent property of the experience itself, not constructed by an outside observer. For  e.g. Experiences of mothers of suicidal adolescents
  • Ethnographers typically bring a strong cultural perspective to their studies, and this perspective shapes their initial fieldwork. They usually adopt one or two cultural theories. They interview people who are most knowledgeable about the culture. For e.g.  Gance (2004) examined the features, critical attributes processes & benefits of school based support groups for adolescents with an addicted parent.
  • Grounded theory methods are designed to facilitate the generation of theory that is conceptually dense, that is with many conceptual patterns and relationships.
  • The goal of ground theory researchers is to develop a conceptualization of a phenomenon that is grounded in actual observations.
  • Theory development in a grounded theory study is an inductive process
 9. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH :THEORY EMERGES FROM RESEARCH
  • Researcher finds a setting of interest & enters it to make observations (gathers data)
  • Initial analysis of the data leads to a series of questions that guide subsequent data
  • Further analysis produces tentative categories, trends or patterns emerging within the data
  • Further analysis reveals patterns or themes. The theme is in effect, a substantive theory.
  • Analysis of emergent themes produces an operational theory, which can then be compared to other theories
  • For e.g. Williams (2005) study on the personal control and emotional comfort of hospitalized patients
10. EVALUATIVE CRITERIA FOR THEORY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH{SILVIA AND SORRELL-1992}
  • The purpose of the study is to verify relationship of described personal experiences to philosophical beliefs and assumptions that underline the development of nursing theory.
  • Identification of the research questions is based on the attempt to provide elaboration of concepts related to the developing nursing theory.
  • The primary data sources include sufficient in-depth description of personal experiences to capture the essence of the phenomenon under investigation
  •  Simplicity, ethical integrity, and aesthetic presentation are integral characteristics of the described personal experiences.
  • Analysis of data incorporates a sense of wholeness of the described personal experiences.
  • Formative hypotheses and/or theories are derived inductively from qualitative analysis of the described personal experiences.
  • Multiple personal experiences of the individual and/or similar personal experiences of several individuals about a particular phenomenon are used to validate the derived hypothesis
  • Analytic procedure of data analysis and fit of the generated concepts to the personal experiences provide indirect evidence of the validity (or lack thereof) of the developed nursing theory.
  • Findings are discussed in terms of how they are related to the theories developed and tested inductively; both the developing end existing theories must be internally consistent and congruent with one another.
11. FACTS ABOUT FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT
  • It depends on the power of observation, understanding of a problem, imagination and conceptualization about abstract ideas and ability of linking the abstract ideas with logical scheme to generalize the facts.
  • Frameworks are usually developed through inductive reasoning, where the researcher has the ability to observe and conceptualize to generalize the facts. It involves integrating the observed or experienced facts to draw a conclusion.
  • To develop a framework, concepts may be borrowed from personal real-life experiences, findings of the previous research, and concepts of existing theories or theoretical models.
  • A theoretical framework is developed on the basis of theoretical concepts which are related to particular research study variables.
  • Conceptual frameworks are constructed on the basis of researcher’s own experience in respective field, and findings of the previous study or the concepts of the several existing theories.
  • Conceptual frameworks are constructed on the basis of researcher’s own experience in respective field, and findings of the previous study or the concepts of the several existing theories.
12. STEPS IN DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Identification of the general concepts
  •  These concepts may be based on study variables, previous research findings’ existing theories or real life observations
Gathering relevant information
  •  This may be gathered from existing theories or previous research findings. It helps develop relationship between concepts for development of framework
Formulation of general scheme of relevant concepts
  •  Researcher starts developing schematic relationship between different related & relevant concepts 
  • Development of a logical construct
  •  Construct is a highly abstract , complex description of a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed for e.g. wellness
Evaluation and revision
  •   Concepts & constructs are evaluated for their relevance & relationship to conclude & generalize the facts
Establishment of the congruity
  •   Congruity of framework may only be established, if most of the research decisions & interpretations of the study findings are based on the framework
 13. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT

14. THANK YOU.

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